The BCG study Essay Example for Free

The BCG study EssayThe capital of Massachusetts consulting group is a global management consulting firm serves as an advisor to clients in the private, public, and non-for-profit sectors across the world. Now, the capital of Massachusetts consulting group is private club with more than 75 offices in 43 countries and recorded revenues $3700 million in 2012. The headquarter of the Boston consulting group is in Boston and assiduous 6200 consultants. The family was founded by Bruce D. H set asideerson in 1963 as a division of the Boston sage deposit and trust company.In 1975, Handerson ar footslogd an employee stock ownership intend and the buyout or all shargons was completed in 1979. Serving as a management consulting firm, Boston consulting group acts as an adviser to many origines, governments, and institutions.The recent clients of the Boston consulting group include Google, IBM, Ameri washbowl Airlines, Ford Motor Company, Tata Group, Havard School of Public Health, Russi an Ministry of Energy, Government of Canada and so on. As a worlds pencil lead advisor on business stratedy, the Boston consulting group focus on cooperate clients to identify their highest-value opportunities, address their most critical challenges, and transform their enterprises. The SWOT psychoanalysis of Boston consulting groupStrangthsWeaknessesWell accepted in the industry of consulting.Expertise covers a wide range of insustries.Lagging behind in the technology bea.Comperetively humiliated scale on the area of oprations.OpportunitiesThreatsStrengthsWell respected and globally accepted brand in the scheme consulting domainBCG, over the years has cultivated and built up a re vomitation for itself and a corporate brand which has become almost synonymous to strategy consulting. In the process, BCG has pioneered some path breaking ideas and concepts in the strategy consulting domain that provided innovative frameworks and solutions to address the needs and problems of busin esscommunity.The companys focus on conceptual, strategical thinking has yielded many concepts that went on to become classics of strategy, and resulted into many academic constructs, tools and methodologies. It pioneered the offset theatrical role matrix/BCG Matrix model which was one of the famous concepts in resource allocation strategy and was the basis for origin of further models.The company as well as formulated many concepts, including the experience curve, time-based competition, sustainable ingathering, and total shareholder value, which many organizations have leveraged to improve their competitive positions.Most of BCGs models are regarded as benchmarks in strategic management and business consulting areas. The strong acceptance of BCG as a strategy consulting brand differentiates it from many of its peers and equips the company with competitive traction.Expertise developed across ternary industry sectors strengthens its business reach The company has gradually deve loped broad expertise in offering services for confused industries, including automotive, bio pharmaceuticals, consumer products, energy and environment, engineered products and infrastructure, financial institutions, insurance, media and entertainment, medical exam devices and technology, health care payers and providers, metals and mining, private equity, process industries, public sector, retail, technology and software, telecommunications, industries, transportation travel and tourism, and social impact.The company works with humanitarian organizations on a range of areas, including poverty and hunger, global health, education, community and economic development, arts and culture, philanthropy, and corporate social responsibility. The expertise developed across multiple sectors, industries and areas enables the company to keep its business nutrition at high levels. WeaknessesLagging technology enabled offerings with a poor presence in technology consulting BCG, on a relative basis to its competitors lagged in incorporate and utilizing technology in its unlike offerings and also has a relatively weak technology consulting practice. Technology consulting is one of the high potential areas for consulting companies to take advantage of the maturement potential it offers in long term.In recent years, technology companies, much(prenominal) as Capgemini and Infosys, added business and strategy consulting capabilities to their portfolio to pursue cross-sellingopportunities for consulting services for their existing clients. Further, consulting companies, such as Accenture and Deloitte Touche, developed technology capabilities pursuing fruit opportunities. As a result various companies, such as Accenture, Capgemini, Booz Allen Hamilton, IBM and Infosys, have achieved strong presence in technology consulting. However, BCG has not been a significant player in the technology consulting area.Also, most of its competitors developed strong research andanalytics platforms to support their various consulting practices by creating large outsourcing capabilities in strategic locations. The companys poor presence in high growth practice areas, such as technology adversely impacts its growth prospects and cross-selling opportunities. Lower scale of operations limits its competitive ability The companys scale of operations is comparatively lower than its competitors. Many of its competitors, such as McKinsey Company, Accenture, Deloitte and Booz Allen Hamilton, have substantially greater financial and other resources than the company.For instance, the companys competitor, Booz Allen Hamilton reported revenues of $5,859.2 million during the financial year cease March 2012 (FY2012). Also, the companys another competitor, Accenture reported revenues of $27,862.3 million during the financial year ended August 2012 (FY2012). Comparatively, BCG recorded revenues of $3,700 million in FY2012. Large scale enables these competitors to leverage on their facilities and resources to achieve operating efficiency. The company stands to lose out often in bidding for larger projects and assignments due to its lower scale which also impacts its operating efficiency significantly. OpportunitiesManagement consulting market potential in emerging markets The emerging markets are expected to record strong growth in coming years driven by their contribution to global commerce. Despite the global economic lag and recession in developed countries, the emerging markets continued to maintain growth. In coming years, the emerging markets are ciphered to increase their contribution to global commerce and consumption.This can be perceived by the growth prospects for emerging markets. For instance, the emerging and developing economies real GDP growth is forecast to reach about 5.5% and 5.9% in 2013 and 2014, respectively, compared to a growth of 2.1% in 2009. The growth is being driven by China, India, and other emerging Asianeconomies. Positive ou tlook for emerging markets provide growth opportunities for various businesses.Moreover, in recent years, most of the companies in emerging markets continue to pursue global practices in their operations. Positive outlook for emerging markets provide growth opportunities for various businesses. Moreover, in recent years, most of the companies in these markets continue to pursue global practices in their operations. BCG being one of the major players in the business consulting market is in a position to capitalize on growth opportunities in providing services for companies in emerging and developing markets.Positive outlook for non-IT end markets drives demand for consulting servicesSome of the companys non-IT end markets returned to growth trajectories in 2011. Markets including the healthcare, oil and gas, and pharmaceutical markets are forecast to show a steady growth. For instance, the US healthcare sector is providing positive growth opportunities for the company. agree to the industry estimates, the total US healthcare expenditures were $2.7 trillion in 2011, and are expected to reach $3.5 trillion by 2016.The US healthcare expenditures are communicate to grow at a compound annual growth rate of about 4.6% during 2007-11. Healthcare outlay in the US is expected to reach 20% of gross domestic product (GDP) by 2021. The global oil, gas and consumable fuels market is forecast to reach a value of $10.9 trillion in 2014, growth at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of about 13.5% during 200914. In addition, the US government initiatives are catalyzing the growth of new(a) energy projects. Further, the pharmaceutical industry is one of the fastest evolution industries in the world.According to MarketLine, the global pharmaceuticals market grew by 3.5% in 2011 to record a value of $782.1 billion and it is forecast to reach $971.1 billion in 2016, an increase of 24.2% since 2011. BCG conducts research and analysis across a range of industries, including bi opharmaceuticals,benergy and environment, and health care payers and providers, among others. Positive growth in such end markets will result in the origin of new projects, thereby creating the demand for the companys consulting services. ThreatsIntense competition BCG operates in a highly competitive consultancy business and requires product and solution innovation on a regular basis to create and maintain competitive edge.The company faces competition from other largeplayers in the consultancy market such as McKinsey, Accenture, Deloitte Consulting, Booz Allen, and Ernst Young International.BCG also faces competition from companies that originated in the strategic consulting environment such as Bain, firms with core competence in IT solutions such as IBM, Capgemini, Hewlett Packard, and Infosys entered and extended their presence in the consulting industry, bringing a new breed of innovations and solution design, allowing other smaller IT companies to do the same. This trend may put pressure on the margins of mainstream consultancy firms such as BCG. Intense competition in the marketplace may negatively impact BCGs growth in market share and margins.Continued and prolonged weakness in global economic outlook In recent years, the global economy has undergone significant turmoil amid stock market volatility, difficulties in the financial services sector, tightening of the credit markets, softness in the housing markets, concerns of inflation and deflation, reduced corporate profits and capital spending, reduced consumer spending and various other economic difficulties. According to industry estimates, the global economy is expected to remain weak and uncertain in 2013. The downturn in the euro zona is forecasted to continue till the end of 2013.The recent macroeconomic data, state-level regional data, and the increased volatility in the financial markets in the US shows significant downside risksto the economic growth in the near term. In addition, factors su ch as weak household balance sheetsand confidence, relatively tight financial conditions, and continued fiscal consolidation are expected to halt the growth. According to the IMF, the US economic growth is expected to fall from 2.2% in 2012 to 1.9% in 2013.Weak economic outlook could affect business prospects of the company.The company derives most of its business in strategy consulting and substantial part from government and quasi-government agencies. The government bodies in developed world have deferred their various expenditures to curtail growing fiscal deficit. Similarly, large organizations in these countries have planned to go slow on their domestic growth strategies. The company may find it difficult towin new consulting business from these regions.

The Bildungsroman in Victorian Novels Essay Example for Free

The Bildungsroman in Victorian Novels EssayThe Bildungsroman Genre. The narrative mode Dickens has adopted aligns his novel with the Bildungsromangenre of literature. The termBildungsromanis a German word meaning novel of formation or education novel. ABildungsromannovel frequently puts an emphasis on the moral and psychological development of its protagonist. Morality is an important root inGreat Expectations, one of the episodes ofGreat Expectationswhich illustrates the conventions of theBildungsroman form is the baloneys opening which immediately establishes the protagonists striped status with the young lather contemplating the graves of his dead parents. The figure of the orphan illustrates Dickenss innovative engagement with theBildungsromangenre, as Pip could be viewed as a blank slate, or tabula rasa, in that his mind isnt informed by any immaterial psychological influence from his parents. Instead his shrewish older sister and her husband, the kindly and unassuming blacksmith Joe Gargery, are raising him. Initially Pip is content with his humble surroundings, although his class-consciousness receives a rude awakening on his first lower to Satis House.Here he encounters Miss Havisham and her ward Estella, the latter of whom takes delight in continually reminding the protagonist of his low-spirited status. When Estella remarks on Pips coarse hands and thick boots, and his habit of calling knaves Jacks when they are playing cards together, she is expressing her contempt of his background. Even though Pip is weakened by her taunts, he still becomes infatuated with Estella, and it is this attraction which triggers his own animosity towards his origins.Sometime after Pip has come of age and has been working in the manipulate with Joe, the lawyer Jaggers informs him of an anonymous benefactor who wishes to make the protagonist a gentleman. Incorrectly Pip assumes this benefactor to be Miss Havisham, and starts to entertain the belief that the ol d rose periwinkle intends him for Estella. This episode heralds a great advance in the protagonists own snobbery and delusion, as he sets off for London, putting his origins in the Kent marshlands behind him.While Pip is enjoying the leisurely life of a gentleman in the capital, he receives a letter from his old acquaintance Biddy, stating that Joe has come up to London and would like to visit him. Pips disdain for the blacksmith is revealed in his reservations concerning such a prospect If I could have kept him away by paying money, I certainly would have stipendiary money .When the protagonist returns to his hometown for his sisters funeral, his snobbery is further evinced on his insistence at staying in the Blue Boar inn in town, as opposed to the reflect with Joe. His actions are evidence of theBildungsromannarratives preoccupation with moral and psychological development. Pips final exchange of wealth and status for friendship and humility indicate how he has matured as a pr otagonist.On the other hand, the novel by Thomas Hardy, Tess of the Durbervilles, has not made any case for the novels being a Bildungsroman. Tess has been called a fundamentally changeless ballad heroine her story has been referred to as mythological a personification of rural Wessex a representation of the agricultural community in its moment of ruin. However, categorising and allegorizing Tesss story, it is possible to lose sight of the novels unrelenting focus on Tess the individual as she attempts to make something of her life. retention that the novel develops a single theme, the life-history of one person, and sends this uninterrupted forward. Thomas Hardy, in his time plan for the novel, graphically stressed the centrality of Tesss experience as he carefully noted the dates of the novels events in relation to Tesss age. What Tess attempts to do during the brief portion of her life dramatized by Hardy makes her story one of coming of age, in other words, the novel ought to be viewed as a Bildungsroman.

Benefits of Healthy Eating in Early Childhood

Benefits of Healthy take in Early ChildhoodPaul DerveyIntroductionIn this assignment I will be focusing on the benefits of leading a hearty lifestyle, diseases and prevention of diseases. I will discuss the chronic diseases that can be prevented and the ways that jockstrap to reduce the risks of developing these, and olfactory sensation at major food groups and how these can impact a salutary active lifestyle. I will explore activities for a healthy lifestyle and how they moderate to a reduced risk of obesity and indisposition. I will also define the meaning of wellbeing and how this can be achieved for children and their families.Leading a healthy lifestyleLeading a healthy lifestyle is paramount in everyones lifetime as there atomic number 18 legion(predicate) ways in which a child and their family can prevent diseases or a chronic illness, and mental health related problems. The British Heart Foundation have carried prohibited research into living healthily and staying healthy, and discussed that eating healthily can stop you seeing weight, which in return reduces the risk of illness (http//osclinks.com/59).Chronic illnesses concerning obesity are united with poor diet and not much exercise. The major types of chronic illness are-Coronary heart disease- This occurs when the blood supply is blocked by superfatted deposits due to a high diet of saturated fats.Cancer- Eating a poor diet which could lead to obesity has several risks. The research that has been undertaken so furthermost in the United earth suggests that newly diagnosed cancers could have been halved if a person was to lead a healthy lifestyle.Stroke- This is where there is a restriction of oxygen to the brain. Eating healthily and undertaking plenty of exercise daily can reduce the risks of a stroke.Diabetes- This is a chronic health condition in the United Kingdom affecting around 2.8 million stack. Diabetes can be controlled by the use of insulin, eating sensibly and exercise d epending on the type. Complications and problems can occur if diabetes is not controlled properly, much(prenominal) as heart disease, kidney disease, high blood pressure, eye problems, and nerve pain and foot ulcers.High blood pressure- This could lead to a stroke or coronary thrombosis heart disease, which could be due to lack of exercise or being overweight.The in a higher place chronic illnesses may be prevented by having a good healthy diet on a day to day basis and exercise. Being healthy would reduce the risk of being or becoming obese which would hence prevent these diseases occurring.Cases in the past where children have been mistreated showed that children require a balanced nutrition diet. The Victoria Climbie case in February 2000 highlighted the importance of young peoples services working together to reduce the risks of ill care towards children. This case highlighted the importance of multi-agency working and information sacramental manduction in order to treasur e children and prevent them from harm. (www.safenetwork.org.uk). The Children Act 2004 was introduced and the green paper within Every Child Matters which identified five outcomes that are important to children and young people. These are to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a exacting contribution and achieve an economic well-being (www.everychildmatters.org.uk). These outcomes have meant that organisations are now working together and sharing information to protect children and young people. This case highlighted the importance of providing children with nutrition.Eating healthilyEating healthy has many benefits which include the prevention of chronic illnesses and mental wellbeing, which in turn could lead to behavioural problems. Children who sit around the table during family time with their families are less likely to become choosy eaters. Eating as a family also promotes family bonding time and encourages children to try different varieties of nutritious foods. Behavioural problems could stem from missing necessity minerals and vitamins in a childs diet. A healthy diet should include different nutrition totallyy balanced meals. The main types of nutrition groups are-Carbohydrates which provide a high energy level amongst essential B vitamins such as iron, fibre and calcium. These will be found in foods such as potatoes, bread, pasta, rice and starchy foods.Protein is essential in a childs maturement as it supports body cells, repair and body growth. Proteins deal vitamins and acids which help to keep the bodies cholesterol levels low. Proteins are found in foods such as meat, eggs, fish, bread, milk, and a range of dairy products.Unsaturated fats can be beneficial for the body lowering its own cholesterol in the blood. Not all fats are harmful to the body, however saturated fats can increase the bodys cholesterol. Unsaturated fats can be found in olive oil, sunflower oil, tuna, salmon and nuts.Fruit and vegetables are recommended by G overnment guidelines for an individual to consume five portions of fruit and vegetables per day. However, new research has highlighted the need for seven pieces per day. Fruit and vegetables contain essential minerals and vitamins to help prevent diseases such as heart, stroke and cancers, while helping to maintain a balanced weight.Sugars are within food such as fruit and milk, but there is a high concern for different sugary foods such as fizzy drinks and sweets where sugar is added to these.All of the above foods are advised to be eaten in portion sizes, including several of the different major foods daily. Nutrients are present within foods such as fibre and potassium, which help to maintain a healthy body. It is important to get the correct balance of the above foods in order to get the maximum benefits of being healthy. Fruit and vegetables should be the biggest portion of food consumed, with protein and carbohydrates in the remaining part of the diet. Sugars and fatty foods should be limited within the diet. When planning meals, seasonal changes may be taken into retainer as individuals consume different foods according to the time of year. For example, salads in the summer and vegetables in the winter.Activities for young childrenActivities and exercise are essential for a child as they grow up into adolescence. Setting good habits and providing a good exercise pattern will keep the body from accumulating unwanted fats, which could lead to chronic illness and a high body mass index.The Department of Health suggested that the number of 2-15 year olds taking part in the recommended amount of exercise is only 30% (OSC P10). This is concerning, however opportunities can be made available for children in the house that individuals would not normally think were classed as exercise such as housework and gardening. Activities do not necessarily have to include attending the gym or running a marathon, it can be as little as one hour a day as stated by profess ors in Glasgow. In 2006, professors identified done a study of 545 nursery coach children, that one hour of exercise a day was required for children to maintain a healthy body mass index, in addition to eating a healthy diet (OSC P15).Activities which can be carried out with young children can focus on physical and mental wellbeing such as go or taking trips to the local park exploring the environments and growing independent with new surroundings. Childrens play centres give children a chance to meet other children and gain confidence playing with others. Creative activities such as cooking encourage parents and children to taste new healthy foods and explore the variation of colours and textures. This would promote a kinaesthetically approach of learning for the child. Other physical activities for young children could include children acting out words in books, using bodies to make shapes and letters. Nature walks and other outings to explore the environment could also be part of physical development. For babies, reaching and rolling are important to explore the world around them. Toddlers go from crawling, to standing, hence walking. Pre-schoolers balance along obstacles, move to music and use play.Activities for young children can contribute to a healthy lifestyle as they can provide many benefits which include promoting healthy growth and development, and helping to achieve and maintain a healthy weight. Benefits could also include, improving balance, co-ordination and strength while improving posture. Activities would assist with the development of gross and fine motor skills and improve things such as concentration, confidence and self-esteem. Activities provide opportunities to develop social skills and make friends and establish connections between different separate of the brain (www.healthykids.nsw.gov.au).These benefits show that physical development is important for children, and adults need to support this by role-modelling and encouraging throughout childhood to promote a healthy lifestyle. eudaimoniaWellbeing is defined as the state of being comfortable, healthy or happy, with security and safety. When feeling at a childs wellbeing there are many factors to focus on to give a healthy wellbeing for both the family and the child. The key aspects are like a stone in a bridge where there is a supportive structure which keeps everything upright.A loving environment would give a child and family the safe factor in life, and would bring a secure feeling to an individual. An example of this is where a child is comforted, and provided with love and reassurance. By ensuring routines are in place within the family, this would give everyone bear on a sense of stability. A bedtime routine would show the child that there is a time to settle down after playing during the day, and consistency with time would allow the child to set healthy balances of time. A positive supportive attitude would create and improve self-esteem, whic h is essential for a child as they are growing up into society. An example of this could be when letting a child play and share toys with other children, reassuring the child to share when they are reluctant. Creating a positive atmosphere where a child and their family can thrive and always try to look forward in life is important. This could include taking much time to think almost a situation and how the child can adapt to this, while showing consistency.Wellbeing in a child is about the child developing to ensure the child feels valued, supported and confident in their choices. This will enable children to feel positive about themselves and have a positive outlook on life. Choice and opportunities would support children with independence by giving them the opportunity to take the lead role. Wellbeing can be achieved for children and families together through strong attachments.ConclusionFrom this assignment it can be seen that a healthy lifestyle is of importance to young chil dren and families. There are many benefits that are highlighted in leading a healthy lifestyle, and I have discussed how problems can be caused by not leading a healthy lifestyle. Early intervention looking at diet and activities, benefit young children as they grow up to learn how important being healthy is, and adults play a supportive role within this.(1797 words)BibliographyChildcare Level 3, Open Study College, Unit 1- Healthy Living course notes.Gavigan, C. (2009) Healthy Child Healthy World. Plume books, New York.Framework- 5 key outcomes Online available from http//www.every-child-matters.org.uk/Framework_5_key_outcomes Accessed 29.10.14Multi-agency working Online available from http//www.safenetwork.org.uk/training_and_awareness/Pages/multi-agency-working Accessed 4.11.14Benefits of eating healthy Online available from http//www.patient.co.uk/health/healthy-eatingAccessed 9.11.14Physical Development Online available from http//www.healthykids.nsw.gov.au/teachers-childcare/p hysical-activity.aspx Accessed 9.11.14

Minorities In The Criminal Justice System Criminology Essay

Minorities In The Criminal Justice System Criminology EssayThe e normousness of recognizing the fundamental concepts of issues in the Canadian barbarous referee dust is critical in the illustration of evaluator to minorities predominately shadowys and Aboriginal. Blacks and Aboriginals induct been challenged socially, economically and politically. In examining the Canadian miserable legal expert system, it wad be concluded at that place ar m whatsoever complications in attempting to justify the outcome of a drive. It is imperative to recognize if the Canadian discriminative system is simply responsible for the over representation of Blacks and Aboriginals in the justice system. This paper give further examine and critically analyze the flaws of the justice system. The processes of prosecuting an offender sometimes rely on the jurors. The importance of selecting control board needs to be further addressed. Thus, this paper entrust examine disagreeent aspects of the Canadian pitiful justice system in relation to the domain of racial unlikeness.The foundation of Canada was formed by the Aboriginals continuing to the colonial revolution to become a multicultural country. all the same the diverse bunks that atomic number 18 existent in Canada have been in conflict. Racism has lingered for countless years wherein complete abolishment will be unsuccessful providing marginalization and stereotypes are existent in purchase order. It is noteworthy to recognize the race-related injustice minorities experience within the distressing justice system. Though the different systems and procedures in the criminal justice system are designed to protect society, minorities are often challenged with stigmatization. Evidence from the Canadian society indicates an over representation of minorities within the criminal justice system to the extent that there are concerns regarding wrongful convictions such as Donald marshal, Jr. Prevalent oppression of the se races lead to the mishap of the justice system to be a reliable source of integrity to citizens, failing to build confidence.This paper will discuss the importance of fair and suitable treatment in the justice system. The failure to recognize the injustice minorities encounter often ends in the constant serve of full general secernment. Discriminatory practices such as racial inconsistency and racial profile are still prevalent within the Canadian Criminal Justice System. The signifi shadowerce of addressing this issue is having an impartial mindset in the judicial system when a nonage is convicted. This issue set up be addressed as systemic discrimination leading to the over representation of Black and Aboriginal in prisons in Canada. The key areas I will focus on are the sinlessness dominated venire selection in trials involving minorities. I will examine if the criminal showcases are a result of systemic discriminatory practices or if it is the complications with in those cases. In addition I will alike analyze the reason why there is an over representation of Blacks and Aboriginals within the Criminal Justice System and if Canada violates the legislated human rights identified under the charter of Rights and Freedoms and possibly the Criminal Code.This paper will consist of various studies conducted to examine whether racial discrimination is existent in society. Many studies have been conducted to determine if racial prejudice is present through arrests and approach systems resulting in the over population of the prisons. In this paper I will analyze various sources of literature review, reports, articles, cases, theories and studies to enhance my arguments and persuade the reader to implement solutions to alleviate write out the partial treatment in all levels of the criminal justice system.By addressing the fundamental issue in society it raises awareness of the possible solutions that can be addressed. This is a topic of interest a s I can relate as a minority. I hope to limit the partial practices in the Criminal Justice System. The analysis of criminal court cases such as R. v. Williams (1998), R. v. Khan (2004), R. v. Marshall (1971) will support my arguments regarding existing mistreatment of heathenish minorities with the Canadian criminal justice system. I will also discuss that stigmatization of erosives and Aboriginals are still prominent in instantlys society in the arrest and court processes. In this paper, I will explore why such injustice is still occurring and what put to deaths can be taken to minimize stigmatization. I will draw economic aid to the various forms of injustice within the Canadian criminal justice system. Through analysis of particular cases I will draw attention to the types of discriminatory practice that exist. I will also make recommendation on how to better address the existing racism problems within the current justice system as addressing such mal practices are vital in improving the justice system.Historical Concepts of expediteIt is vital to consider the historical background of the racial backgrounds that will be focused on in this paper. It determines the fundamental cause of the problem today that affects many lives. It is imperative to recognize the aspects that will facilitate for a better reasonableness of the outcomes of cases. In addition this will confirm the challenges minorities have faced are still present today. Mosher (1998) has proven, The analysis of racial inequality in diverse historical contexts allows us to establish a perspective from which to view contemporary problems (p.28).Blacks in CanadaAs a result of colonialism, Canada has attracted immigrants from all over the world including coloureds. In 2006, data collected through good deals concluded the black population change magnitude to over three quarters of a million approximate 783,000 (Wortley Owusu-Bempah, 2010). Though the population maturationd satisfyingly from the earlier years, the representation of blacks within the Canadian population remains at 2.5%. The black population in Canada fails to be equally scatter in population distri besidesion, as a result only concentrated in specific cities. The migration of the black population is diversified from the country of origin with different constitution of cultures, values and beliefs. The survey concluded Canadas black population suffers from economic and social disadvantage (Wortley Owusu-Bempah, 2010).The progress of multiculturalism in Canada through the colonial revolution significantly touch on the black population. Historically dated, the prominent severe practice of slavery of black individuals was practiced in the United Stated and the Caribbean. N iodinetheless, Canada also had some sort of involvement. It has been plain in the ownership of slaves by six legislators of Upper Canadas first parliament (Wortley Owusu-Bempah, 2010). This illustrates the foundation of collecti vely placing the black population in social disparity from the beginning. Thus, the opposition of disadvantage continues to the present day.The poor treatment of white elites towards the black population often denied the basic rights of individuals. The stigmatization of blacks led to segregation in school as sound as public life along with limitations of owning properties (Winks, 2008). The hostile treatment of the white population towards blacks was very explicit in similarity to todays society. Although issues of racial discrimination have been addressed it is still implicitly prominent today.Stereotypical viewsThe historical perspective of the blacks in Canada can further illustrate the root of the problem of society today. The beliefs and stereotypes that have been the first perspective of whites towards the black population have been instilled in individuals continuing to carry those set of beliefs. According to a recent survey, results have shown ace third of the Canadian population report being at least slightly racist (Leger, 2007). The mentality that has been created about the black population being socially and economically underprivileged has found a way to make members of society believe they are continually being stigmatized. On the earlier years, whites have invariably had the upper hand in contrast to blacks, this has implicitly continued by examining the members of the criminal justice system from the law force system to the members of the judiciary. As racial discrimination has formed in various ways from the beginning, it has had adverse affects on the black population of todays society and the law. Thus, the mentality from the slavery days have evolved and integrated into the justice system, affecting the method of serving justice to blacks.The issue of racial discrimination in Canada is a controversial topic. In contrast, the most common explicit secernate of racial discrimination is racial profiling evident through anecdotal accou nts. The debate in Canada consists of the scepticism of the general public with focus on systemic discrimination that exists in the justice system and if there is equal access to services offered within the Canadian criminal justice system (Wortley, 2003). Canada in comparison to the United States lacks the resources for empirical evidence to further assess the amount of racial discrimination in the justice system. However, the minimal research conducted has evidently illustrated the prevalence of discrimination within the black and First Nation group of minorities.IndigenousFirst Nations suffered through a devastating history however one may not assume it has been completely stopped. Surprisingly, in the present day the mistreatment of police forces or other authoritative figures have not simply justified fair and equal treatment. Many scholars have attempted to study the relationship of the treatments of the criminal justice system through the communication processes (Roberts, Do ob, 1997).Historically, Aboriginals were fulfilln as a barrier to colonization and progress, as an outcome they were subject to unjust treatment and were forced to assimilate into Canadian life. They were also subject to convert from red men to white this was accomplished by forcing them into residential schools where they suffered a tremendous amount of torture (Dickson-Gilmore, 2005). During this process, First nations have been stripped away of culture they were forced to surrender land and degraded to the militia age they were prohibited to have an Aboriginal model of family, social life and spirituality (Dickson-Gilmore, 2005). As Indigenous have been rejected culturally, socially and politically it is a contributing factor to why society has stereotypical views. As the mandatory placement of Aboriginals on reserves, it has resulted in the constant use of drugs and alcohol as they are excluded from the rest of society.Aboriginals have suffered through a disadvantaged past fr om being stripped of all kinds of identity and being put aside into the reserves. It is very comfy to stereotypically strain an individual. Players in the criminal justice system are also humans and are aware of the historically disadvantaged past of the First Nations. The premiss all Aboriginals are the same can affect the outcome of cases wherein an Aboriginal is mingled. The stigmatization that has been established about the Indigenous continues to prevail in society today as it is evident in the criminal justice system.MediaThe media has become a significant influence on the general public. From the television shows, movies and news it has managed to instil reliable information, perceptions in the heads of its viewers and/or listeners. Prominently, the media will portray all the negative characteristics of a certain race which leads to the creation of stereotypes. Studies have shown the crookness of the Canadian media and the unfairness of media representations (Mahtani, 2 001). Considerably, the media is a powerful medium to deliver knowledge to the public, selecting certain images of minorities to govern the publics perspective (Fleras and Kunz, 2001). As a result, pessimistic representation of minorities includes stereotypes and beliefs such as threatening, deviant, and irrelevant to the gimmick of the nation. The negative traits of minorities visualised in the media automatically become the everyday perception of the public. It is rare to see minorities on a television show, however if they are have on a show they are depicted as criminals or deviant (Mahtani, 2001). Thus, the images or the actions/role of a minority depicted in the media is considered one sided portrayals or articles become reality in the minds of Canadians (Fleras and Kunz, 2001) in addition to confirmation of the stereotypes already created.The media often creates a picture of poor black men involved in drugs or violence. Chances of a successful black man being featured in a news broadcast have decreased in the likelihood. The media generates a subliminal message of stereotyping black men. Focusing on a particular race stories accenting certain characteristics and eventually transfers those characteristics into a social norm (Fleras and Kunz, 2001). In addition, Aboriginals who have claimed the land of Canada primarily are also portrayed as alcoholics and violent individuals facilitating in the general stereotypes. These stereotypes are consumed in individual beliefs including the police and judicial system.According to Scot Wortley and Akwasi Owusu-Bempah (2010) media analyses have depicted Black people in Canada have a heightened chance of being portrayed as criminal offenders preferably than victims. The Black population have often complained regarding the news media and other forms of popular culture (film, music, etc.) about the portrayal often enhancing the stereotypes that already exists. This depiction of the particular race usually places a s train on the treatment of the members of the criminal justice system. Scot Worley (2002) has performed extensive research within the Toronto star. In his findings, he discovered almost half(prenominal) of all stories depicting Black people are related to crime and violence, in comparison to 14% of its counterparts of white victims. In addition to the results, he also found that white victims received more media coverage than Black victims. These biases of large mediums affect an individuals sub consciousness.Treatments of minoritiesAccording to Nelson (2004), extensive research of the differential treatment of Aboriginals has been ongoing historically to present. A summarization of the results consists of similar cases of confrontations between first nations and the police due to harassment, racism or aggressiveness through force to restrain the trash of Aboriginal groups for treaty rights and land claims. Government has imposed solutions in an attempt to reduce incarceration rate s for First Nations. The method of restorative justice is promote to decrease the over representation of Aboriginals in the entire Criminal Justice System (Nelson, 2004).In addition, scholars have also studied the perception of police and interactions with the black community. Henry Hastings (1996) has conducted a research of how criminal activities are racialized resulting in the confirmation of negative perceptions affecting the treatment of blacks in the criminal justice system.Chart above (Wortley Owusu,-Bempah, 2009, Unequal before the law Immigrant and Racial Minority Perceptions of the Canadian Criminal Justice system http//www.springerlink.com/content/036768l1221r238m//fulltext.htmlFig2) Percent of respondents who believe that a black person would receive a harsher sentence than a white person convicted of the same crimeThe chart above is a depiction of the confidence of the general public in the justice system. As previously mentioned, the perceptions of society towards th e Black population have not changed. As a result a survey has been conducted based on perception of three major culturalities White, Chinese and Black. The public beliefs of mistreating Blacks had forced the police enforcement to implement the idea of designing strategies to eliminate or reduce the belief of targeting racial minorities. An action plan of recruiting minority groups in the police force has been implemented. Evidentially, these anti-racism programs have not been well examined, due to the significant amount of increase still prevalent in this survey. Stenning (2003) has stated, if such efforts are effective, perceptions of racial bias in policing and the courts should have decreased significantly over the past 10 to 15 years.Racial ProfilingA prominent form of racial discrimination is racial profiling. Evidence of surveys conducted still find racial profiling to be a common problem. An academic literature definition of racial profiling is defined as significant racial differences in police stop and search practices, significant racial differences in Customs search and interrogation practice and particular under or sting operation which target specific racial/ethnic communities (Wortley Owusu-Bempah, 2010, p.17). Various studies conducted in the United States, Great Britain and Canada have all concluded that Black people have an increased chance of being stopped, marveled and search by the police (Tanovich, 2006). This issue has been brought to the attention of the Ontario Human Rights Commission in 2003 with a compilation of detailed testimonial from over 800 individuals in Ontario with a majority bit of black felt they have been a victim of racial profiling. If racial profiling exists it is evident that racial discrimination also exists and is somewhat visible in the justice system. Racial profiling within in the society by police, at every level of the justice system influences the statistical information of minorities in the Canadian crimin al justice system.Players in the Criminal Justice SystemThe explanation of the over representations of black and Aboriginals in the criminal justice system can simply be explained through the thorough analysis of the judicial system. Canada was originally established in a Eurocentric focus presently continuing justifying the flaws of the criminal justice system and the ignorance towards minorities. The limited representation of minority in the judiciary contributes to the factor of the lack of recognition of minority needs. Essentially, it is vital to implement affirmative action in the courts to avoid stigmatization of race (Crenshaw, Gotanda, Peller, 1995). In addition, in the event of final decisions in court, majority of jurors selected are of a white decent while the criminal offender is often black or Aboriginal with programmed stereotypes. As a result, jury decisions often incarcerate blacks and Aboriginals creating the over representations in prisons.By examining the judici al system it is easy to conclude the racial consistency is prominently white males. This reflects not only the European colonization in early years but the current patriarchal society. According to Hamalengwa (2003), a white lawyer had stated, bringing the racial animus in a criminal case will cede the judge, police, prosecutors and the jury, all of whom are most potential White and will likely ensure a conviction (p.9). The credibility of this statement is accurate as it is a prime source. When the issue of race is raised in the court systems, it is often denied the attention and action for equal justice of minority groups such as Aboriginals and Blacks natural lawAccording to Parker et al (2005), there has been sufficient evidence to conclude police have an increased likelihood of making arrests in cases involving whites compared to non white victims as well as scenarios with a white victim and a black offender. These results show that whites are much more favourable within the justice system emphasizing on the higher value placed on them in comparison to blacks. Further analytical examinations of police biasness of whites during arrests have been studied. In Toronto during the period of 1996 throughout 2001 there have been 10,000 arrests involving drug possessions which was composed of 38% of black suspects and 23% whites. All accused persons were taken to the police station for report processes. However accused white individuals were likely to be discharged in contrast to black individuals who were most likely to be detained overnight for a bail hearing.As there is an provoke over representation of Aboriginal people in the criminal justice system, over and under policing contribute to these statistics (Rudin, 2005). Over policing refers to the practice of policing targeting people of particular ethnic or racial backgrounds or people who live in particular neighbourhoods (Rudin, 2005, p.1). This results in the police structuring a different approach towa rds Aboriginals with the assumption they are violent, breakneck and more likely to be involved in criminal activity. In contrast to the over policing, Aboriginals are underrepresented to being victims by police. This a reflection of the judicature who often disregard the Aboriginal rights claims and ignore the suffering they continue to experience (Rudin, 2005).Though there have been collective efforts to strategically reduce racial bias in the justice system, it is still questionable whether it is actually effective. One of the approaches that has been recently been put in effect is minority recruitment. It is the idea of hiring minorities to diversify policing and the other sectors of the justice system (Stenning, 2003). Results of this strategy have improved in diversifying the police. In 1994, the police force was composed of 6% minority members compared to the significant increase in 2009 to 19% (Wortley McCalla, 2008). Diversity has evidentially been proven to exist as the two out of the four Deputy Chiefs are black as well as the September 2009 graduates describe to have been the most multicultural class of recruits (Wortley Owusu-Bempah, 2010).As the police are creating a racially diversified environment there is no guarantee that minority members are free of racial discrimination in the work force. The problem of racial discrimination will be difficult to completely eradicate, considering the historical aspects of Canada and the existence continuing into the workforce. Police are a vital variable to consider when dealing with the racial background of one of the primary source for arrests and convictions. As mentioned previously, the police force had been historically composed of a majority of white racial background until recently creating bias to those minorities from internalized beliefs.JurorsCritical Race Theory was created in the mid-seventies acknowledging racism adopting the ideology from the United States. It is a socially constructed co ncept attempting to show the structure of law including antidiscrimination law accommodating and facilitating racism (Aylward, 1999). The implication of the Critical Race Theory intensifies the application of power within the criminal justice system. Initially, the aims and objectives of the Critical Race Theory emphasizes on race and power. It fundamentally deconstructs society by categorizing racial hierarchies. However, the recognition of racism reproduces inequality, further minimizing minority rights. The concept deconstructs position of minorities while reconstructing juror bias (Aylward, 1999). In the Canadian context critical race speculation is often utilise to the races that are more prominent to racial discrimination, Blacks and First Nations.Jury SelectionIn addition, the jury selection process is most likely to reflect the judiciary representation. National Law Journal conducted a study containing a sample of 800 jurors, 42% were White jurors in contrast to the 25% of Black jurors teaming up with the police officers rather than suspect present in the case (Hamalengwa, 2003). In circumstances of cases wherein race is involved, it is often a minority attempting to indict a representative of the criminal justice system such as the police with an all white jury. The study observed that jurors are more biased by empathizing with victims of their own race and lenient of defendants of the same racial background (Hamalengwa, 2003). Thus, to achieve an equal administration of justice it is essential to select a racially meld jury.In the case of R. v. Williams jury selection depicted the flaws of the criminal justice system. succeeder Daniel Williams, an Aboriginal accused of a robbery charge denied accusations. At the primary trial, the judge permitted questions posed to potential jurors. As a result of this, the Crown had applied for a mistrial on the basis of procedural errors and the unfortunate publicity of the jury selection process (R. v. William s, 1998). At the second trial the judge had dismissed any motion from the accused. In conclusion of this trial the court had admitted to the widespread of discrimination against First Nations within the community.In cases where the defendant believes the jury might have disadvantage towards the particular race such as Aboriginal, the prosecution and defence have the right to challenge potential jurors for cause on the ground of partiality (R. v. Williams, 1998). Questions the defendant may ask the potential jurors whether they have already possess a prejudice towards the racial group altogether if so, if it is possible for the jurors to make decisions without the bias they posses. The case was a lengthy process of arguing why the jurors were questioned as it is presumed that jurors will function without biasness. Counter arguments have stated it if the prejudice of society is widespread how are the jurors able to remove it for the trial defeating the purpose of section 638(1)(b) (R . v. Williams, 1998). As the case concluded, extensive bias continues to uphold against Aboriginals. In contrast, British Columbia and the attending judge held the evidence was not sufficient to determine potential jurors prejudiced.The R. v. Williams case has depicted the outcome of jury bias. However, this could be further prevented if the jury selection process was racially mixed with different backgrounds and a variety of perspectives. The outcome of the case would differ greatly. This case could be referred back to the stereotypes instilled in individuals. The general public assumes Aboriginals and prisons are constantly correlated. The implication of this stereotype can be further expanded to the crazy and lack social and moral order essential in society (R. v. Williams, 1998).In the case of R. v. Williams jury selection depicted the flaws of the criminal justice system. Victor Daniel Williams, an Aboriginal accused of a robbery charge denied accusations. At the primary trial , the judge permitted questions posed to potential jurors. As a result of this, the Crown had applied for a mistrial on the basis of procedural errors and the unfortunate publicity of the jury selection process (R. v. Williams, 1998). At the second trial the judge had dismissed any motion from the accused. In conclusion of this trial the court had admitted to the widespread of discrimination against First Nations within the community.In cases where the defendant believes the jury might have prejudiced towards the particular race such as Aboriginal, the prosecution and defence have the right to challenge potential jurors for cause on the ground of partiality (R. v. Williams, 1998). Questions the defendant may ask the potential jurors whether they have already possess a prejudice towards the racial group altogether if so, if it is possible for the jurors to make decisions without the bias they posses. The case was a lengthy process of arguing why the jurors were questioned as it is pr esumed that jurors will function without biasness. Counter arguments have stated it if the prejudice of society is widespread how are the jurors able to remove it for the trial defeating the purpose of section 638(1)(b) (R. v. Williams, 1998). As the case concluded, extensive bias continues to uphold against Aborginals. In contrast, British Columbia and the attending judge held the evidence was not sufficient to determine potential jurors prejudiced. Though, the case itself was based on the conviction of robbery, it is imperative to note and understand the trials by judge and jury as there is an increased likelihood the outcome of the case is based on systemic discriminatory practices.Systemic DiscriminationIt is not surprising to see the prominent race in Canadian prisons consists of the minority groups that are often faced with obstacles. Both Blacks and Aboriginals have suffered through a disadvantaged history mirroring the result of how they function in society leading them to p rison. However, as these groups are prone to committing more criminal activities in comparison to other races, the partial verdicts of judges and jurors are significantly influenced. Hence, it results in the over representation of Blacks and Aboriginals in Canadian prisons.Canadian Prison SystemThe table below illustrates statistics of the composition of the Canadian prison system. It can be concluded through examination of the charts that Aboriginals and Blacks have the greatest amount of incarceration into prisons. The general population of Blacks and Aboriginals composed in society compared to the ratio that are incarcerated have significant differences and make up majority of incarcerated individuals. The over representations of these particular races in the prison system can cause the general population to question the justice system. Inevitably, factors to consider when analyzing this chart include the consideration of the actual crime committed or the injustice of the courts to properly provide justice to offenders due to racial bias or discrimination.The Representation of Ethno-Racial Groups in Canadasfederal official Corrections System (2008)RacialBackgroundNationalPopulation1% of NationalPopulationFederalCorrectionalPopulation2% FederalCorrectionalPopulationOddsRatioRate ofFederalCorrectionalSupervision(per, 100,000)White25,000,15580.015,15766.60.8360.62Aboriginal1,172,7853.83,89417.14.50332.03Black783,7952.51,6847.42.96214.85Asian32,090,3906.76682.90.4331.95South Asian1,262,8654.02161.00.2517.10Other931,0403.01,1275.01.67121.04 broad(a)31,241,030100.022,746100.01.0072.801 Population estimates for each racial group were derived from the 2006 Census (Chui and Maheux 2008).2 2008 Federal correctional statistics include those in prison and those under community command (Public Safety Canada 2009).3 The Asian category includes people of Chinese, Japanese, South-East Asian, Korean and Filipino descent.4 The Other category includes people with multiple ra cial backgrounds.R. v. Marshall (1971)Donald Marshall was an average seventeen year old. As a youth, it is more likely to get in trouble with the law for petty crimes such as consumption of alcohol or smoking. He was the typical young man who would break the law and

Health Benefits of Alternative Therapies

Health Benefits of Alternative TherapiesThe popularity of resource therapies in the past two decades has been at bunked by a proliferation of sociological works in investigation different aspects of this phenomenon. A major strand of the literature in the sociology of alternative medicament, which concerns three hearty actors users of alternative therapies, practiti unityrs of alternative therapies and physicians (the orthodoxy). Research on users of alternative treat has mainly investigated the causes of messs use of these modalities and has focused on why people use alternative medicine?Research suggests the maven reason people use alternative therapy, such as occupational Therapy, is that they argon disgruntled with the wellness outcomes of orthodox medicine (Holden, 1978 West, 1988 Sharma, 1996 spiegeleisen et al., 1998). It is argued that conventional medicine has been unable to cure degenerative and chronic illness and has failed to whollyeviate pain associated with con ditions such as arthritis, and back and neck injuries (Ingliss and West, 1983 Anyinam, 1990). Sharmas (1992) qualitative moot of 30 users of various alternative therapies in Britain, including occupational healer. Provided brave out to the idea that uncomplainings seek alternative therapies in order to cure an illness that has not been achievement all-inclusivey dealt with by GPs. Similarly, Furnham and Smith (1988) and Furnham and Forey (1994) in their British studies comp ard patients of GPs and patients of alternative practitioners and showed that the latter root was ore sceptical of the efficacy of orthodox medicine. They reached this conclusion base on the responses of subjects to statements such as Doctors relieve or cure only a few problems that their patients lose, and Most people ar helped a great deal when they go to a doctor. an pretender(a)(prenominal) arguments have been made about the use of alternative therapies, feel at how patients arent necessarily dissa tisfied with the wellness outcome of biomedicine, but sort of they are dissatisfied with the medical encounter or the doctor patient relationship (Parker and Tupling, 1976 Taylor, 1984 Easthope, 1993). According to this argument in the literature, doctors spend too brusk age with, and have little respect for, their patients, who practically are not informed of the record of their illnesses, diagnoses and prognoses. It is argued that doctors have lost their valet touch and todays medicine can best be characterised as Fordist medicine which produces alienated and dissatisfied patients. In support of this argument, Sharmas (1992) interviews with alternative therapists clients reveal that they believe GPs spend too little time with patients. Furnham and Forey (1994) withal found that users of alternative medicine are more likely to believe that GPs do not listen to what their patients have to say.Health PromotionAccording to Nelson (1997) occupational therapists understand the po tentials of various occupational forms that are meaningful and purposeful to the unmarried. The therapist hopes and predicts that the occupational form will be perceptually, symbolically, and worked uply meaningful to the mortal that the occupational form and the meanings the person actively assigns to it will result in multidimensional set of purposes, and that the person will engage in a voluntary occupational performance. In other words, when therapy is best, the person is full of purpose.Therefore occupational therapists have a huge concern set around the promotion of health.Thoro in force(p) (2004) argues that sociology as a discipline is based on critical analysis and as such, can contribute to health promotion by focusing on questions that go beyond simple definition. In other words sociology can and should engage in debate around why health promotion has evolved the way it has rather then merely essay to establish a static definition of health promotion itself. In this w ay sociology can help health promotion to be reflective in terms of its role and development.While this means sociology is distinct from health promotion, it is none the less a crucial contributor to the development and practice of health promotion.Ryan et al (2006) onset to health promotion states that it has been hugely influenced by the fact that medicine has been the dominant work in spite of appearance health-service provision and a clear division exists amidst those who support the medical model of health and those who argue for a more holistic and/ or societal model of health. Within health services, models of cope are fairly well understood and well established as conceptual entities.Models of Health CareLooking at the bio-medical model, Atkinson (1988) discusses how within this model health is the absence of biological abnormality, it believes diseases have specific causes, that the human body is likened to a machine to be restored to health through personalised trea tments that arrest, or reverse, the disease process, and that the health of a society is seen as largely dependent on the state of medical knowledge and the availability of medical resources.Bio-medicine and the health dole out practices arising from it occupy a preposterous position in contemporary societies. On the one hand, there is put outd enthusiasm for new medical breakthroughs as people seek treatment for an increase ladder of conditions. On the other hand, there is also roughly disillusionment with clinical medicine and increase distrust of doctors etc. despite massively increase investments in medical research and health care, most of the diseases of modern society remain stubbornly resistant to effective treatment, let alone cure.Health professionals and doctors in particular, have been criticised for having a detached, impersonal approach. Some have linked this to the bio-medical model objectifying illness and reducing patients to little or more then a battle arr ay of symptoms.Critics such as Oliver (1996) have argued that more attention should be given to the social, psychological and political aspects of illness and disability.Professionals such as Occupational Therapist have responded to this by looking beyond the medical model and adopting a more person-centred approach to patient care.In this context, sociologists are interested in the ways that one-on-one experiences of illness are shaped by wider social contexts, emphasising that the transition from health to illness involves significant changes in social status and therefore the attention of g overnments and an increase number of health professionals has turned to the social and environmental influences on health giving rise to a new social- medical model approach to health based on disease prevention and health promotion.Taylor Field (2007) focuses on how health is more than the absence of disease it is a resource for e rattlingday living. It looks at how diseases are caused by a combination of factors, many of them being environmental. The focus of enquiry is on the relationship between the body and its environment and how significant improvements in health care are mostly likely to come from changes in peoples behaviour and in the conditions under which they live.Occupational therapists draw their attention on this model and it can be understood in there inter-related approaches.The first focuses on individual behaviour and lifestyle choices, the second looks at peoples immediate social environment, and their relationships with others and the triplet is concerned with general socio-economic and environmental influences.The emergence of a new philosophy sometimes referred to postmodern value system has also led to the rise in alternative therapies (Bakx, 1991 Easthope, 1993 Sharma, 1993). Today most people regard nature as caring, gentle, safe and benevolent they hold anti-science and anti- technology attitudes (Kurtz, 1994Park 1996) they believe in a ho listic view of health (Anyinam, 1990) they reject authority, e additionally scientific authority, and demand participation (Taylor, 1984 Easthope, 1993 Riessman, 1994) and they believe in individual responsibility (Cassileth, 1989 Coward, 1989). Alternative practitioners, such as Occupational therapist, commonly use natural and non-invasive treatments, espouse a holistic view of health, allow patients participation in the process of healing (Aaskter,1989), and stress that health comes from within the individual and it is ultimately the responsibility of the individual to achieve a desired state of health.(Coward, 1989)Sussman (p.31) looks at the holistic concept of behaviour stresses an organic and/ or working(a) relationship, a continuing moveion, and a fundamental interdependence among the traditionally defined parts or areas of human behaviour. Accordingly, the understanding of any aspect of human behaviour or any human problem involves consideration of the potentialities and l imitations inherent in human biology the characteristic ways of feeling, thinking, acting, and relating to other that comprise personality the nature of physical environment, including natural resources, topographical features, and the man-made environment the social nature of and the impact of significant social or reference groups the nature of culture, its potentialities and the limitations it imposes and the significance of time and mans orientation to time as a key factor in the ordering and regulation of behaviour.In many respects, the holistic philosophy represents a reply against certain forms of fragmentation and compartmentalisation which have characterised both scientific investigation and the approach to human problems during the first half of the 20th century. Implementation of the holistic approach is seen today in the growing body of research which crosses traditional discipline lines and in the renewed emphasis on all-around(prenominal) medicine, comprehensive ment al health, and a comprehensive approach to a broad spectrum of human problems including delinquency, alcoholism, unemployment, disability etc. the holistic approach is compatible with an increasing awareness of the tendency for various forms of pathology to march on in clusters.Medical Care and ProfessionalismMedical care, once dominated by a restricted orthopaedic orientation, is now based on a growing recognition of the basic relationship between the anatomical, physiological, biochemical, and psychological functioning of the human body, and the reciprocal relationship between a disabled persons body functioning expression of his personality and his capacity to fulfil basic roles in chew over, family and community.In contrast, look at the study undergone by All participants found that Occupational therapy was being underutilised. 1 reason provided for this was the lack of understanding about the role of OT by other staff members. Participants of this study felt that the perspe ctive of OT as more of a renewal service and less as a holistic service had an impact on the low use of OT, this being within a hospice setting. They found OT was often defined too much by exercises or functional tasks, and not recognising functional tasks become even more critical to someone who is becoming weaker and weaker and is in the process of dying.The hallmark of professionalism has been accountability for the application of expert knowledge to the service of others (Goode, 1960) Accountability embroils both the obligation to answer questions regarding decisions and/or actions and the availability and applications of sanctions for illegal or inappropriate actions and behaviours (Brinkerhoff, 2004) health professionals have historically been accountable to their regulatory bodies for their autonomous exercise of professional judgment in determining services provided (Abbott, 19988). In new-made years, the traditional approach to health professional accountability has been called into question for several reasons, one being escalation health expenditures (Degeling, 2000). Because all professional decisions related to health care have financial implications, this control has frequently translated into greater limits on professional practice.Occupational Therapy and RehabilitationSussmans (1965) work on the sociology of replacement is well recognised and has the support of the American Sociological Association. The book emerged from a conference on Sociological Theory, Research and Rehabilitation held in Carmel, California in March 1965.According to Sussman, humanity interest in the concept of renewal has greatly intensified in modern years. The term reformation is being broadly applied to many kinds of crippling human problems, including physical disability, mental illnesses, mental retardation, alcoholism, drug addiction etc. Rehabilitation is used in both a limited and very comprehensive sand. It may refer to services concerned with education, physical functioning, psychological adjustment, social adaptions, vocational capabilities, or recreational activities.Occupational therapy reclamation can involve one of several types of therapy, used together or separately, to help patients enter or re-enter the workforce. This can take on physical therapy, counselling, and job training. The overall goal of these therapies is to redress any situation that may cause a patient to fail to perform in both personal and professional environments.Physical occupational therapy rehabilitation may be needed if a patient has been either injured or born with a physical handicap which interferes with everyday living. This can include the re-training of certain major muscle groups as well as education in using a wheelchair or other mobility aid to perform simple and complex tasks. In some more grave cases, employment may never be a possibility due(p) to extreme physical limitations. For these patients, occupational therapy rehabilitation may act to teach them tasks as basic as eating with a fork and spoon or bathing themselves.Counselling for mentally ill, aggressive or depressed patients is also a type of occupational therapy rehabilitation. Often, an employer will require specific workers to undergo this type of treatment to help them interact more efficiently with co-workers, stay motivated on the job, or to fully rehabilitate them after a traumatic experience or depressive episode. This helps patients overcome emotional issues that may hinder job performance or social development, and allows them to effectively express issues and interact with customers or clients.Sometimes occupational therapy rehabilitation involves specific job training courses. This method may be used for mentally handicapped or brain damaged individuals, or those who have lost employment due to emotional or mental issues. Job training helps patients get word specific job related skills including how to perform basic job duties like lifting or typing, as well as how to interact with co-workers and customers.In some cases, an occupational therapist or counsellor may be hired to settle a animosity or problem between colleagues or groups within a workplace. This may include argumentative co-workers who are aggressive to the point of hindered job performance. In these situations, the therapist will teach proper coping methods for dealing with anger and jealously in the workforce in the form of individual counselling sessions, seminars, or group therapy meetings.Therapists and doctors often work together in occupational therapy rehabilitation for their patients. A combination of therapies and medications may be used in order to obtain full rehabilitative results. The primary goal of these tactics is to allow patients to live and work as normal as possible in society.Disability and RehabilitationWhen looking at Occupational therapy in terms of rehabilitation, the experts agree that effective rehabilitation of the physically d isabled involved helping the client to regain physical and social functions lost through injury or disease. Haber (1973) argues that disability should be conceptualised and measured by functional in capacities. Disability is then the inability to perform habitual role activities as a result of a physical or mental impairment (loss of function) of long-term duration (Haber and Smith, 1971)One view of rehabilitation success is taken by Ludwig and Adams (1968) and Diamond et al. (1968) who use patient cooperation and participation in treatment as a measure of outcome. Acceptance of the sick role implies that the patient cooperate and participate in the treatment process as outlined by the experts so that he can get better (Parsons, 1951 1975). In this context, the good and successful patient is judged to be the person who complies with the sick role. Consequently, rehabilitation success might be an artefact.There is no evidence to show that staff members tend to concentrate their effo rts on those patients that they value full(prenominal)ly or think have the best chance of demonstrating improvement (Kelman, 1964). However, appearance of patient motivation and cooperation in the rehabilitation settings does not accurately predict independent living after discharge (Kelman and Wilner, 1962).According to Nagi, when trying to define the concept of disabilities looks at the terms impairment and disability.He explores these terms by looking at how every individual lives within an environment in which he is called upon to perform certain roles and tasks. The ability and inability of people can be meaningfully understood and estimated only in terms of the pointedness of their fulfilment of these roles and tasks, when an individual is described as being unable the ex architectural planation in incomplete till it answers the question, unable to do what?. In this sense, ability-inability constitutes an assessment of the individuals level of functioning within an environm ent. Two categories of inability can be delineate on the basis of the time of onset. First are congenital inabilities. There are inborn limitations that are the result of anatomical malformations, physiological abnormalities, mental deficiencies, and/or general constitutional inadequacies. To be sure, abilities of all humans are subject tot limitations. Further more, Nagi argues, people differ greatly in degree of ability-inability without necessarily suffering from an active disorder or a residual impairment. However, although the cutting point between able and unable is hard to distinguish, the more severe conditions are usually recognised. The OASI program have defined disability as the inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of a medically determinable impairment that is expected to be of long-continues and indefinite duration or to result in death.Potential for rehabilitation indicated a prognostic evaluation of the levels of functioning the individua l is capable of reaching under certain circumstances. The assessment of ability-inability is obviously a necessary step toward the evaluation of rehabilitation potential. Occupational therapists ask patients to perform a variety of tasks that would require the use of different types of tools and equipment. Information sought in this evaluation includes an assessment of the following attributes the reference and quantity of work done, physical and interpersonal work adjustment. Experience and skills, the degree to which the impairment disables the individual in the performance of certain tasks. The rehabilitation potential of the patient. Occupational therapists are informed by the physician when the risk to a patients health precluded certain tasks or the whole occupational evaluation.Criticisms.Throught the mobilisation of the efforts of a advancedly learn team of medical including occupational therapists, rehabilitation envisions the maximum physical, mental, social, vocational and economic recovery possible. While the goals are attained many very with each individual case, Julius Roth has questioned whether such goals should legitimately be set by the patient or the therapist. The ultimate success of the program rests upon a remarkably intriguing interplay of the biogenic, sociogenic, and psychogenic components of human behaviourThe delivery of Occupational TherapyLooking at where and how occupational therapy is delivered, it is delivered in Primary and Secondary Care following the patients journey and is governed by care pathways which include egg and informal carers.The service is equitable in access and is provided from cradle to graves. Primary care is provided for patients at first contact with the health service. By this very nature it must be generalist, being able to cope with whatever problems arise. General practitioners are the traditional primary care doctors but in recent years we have seen rise to a primary care team, including Occupationa l Therapist, Physiotherapist and speech therapist to name a few, offering a wider range of health professionals and their respective skills.The World Health Organisation states in its blueprint for Health for All by the Year 2000 that there should be a special emphasis on primary health care services, particularly in developing countries in which funding is even more limited.This recent emphasis on the importance of health care has further improved its status in the medical world. This is particularly true in areas in occupational therapy when there is a focus on for example, elderly in residential care, and other community care related interventions.According to Tussing Wren (2006) literature on primary care indicates a need for the following, all of which are weak or absent in the Irish systemA primary care system which addresses the health needs of a mainly healthy universe of discourse rather than concentrating on intervention in episodes of illness, an emphases on disease man agement for the chronically ill, supportive of self-care and kin care, stronger evidence-based medicine, with appropriate protocols and guidelines, peer review and quality assurance, primary care infrastructure, supportive institutions, skilled substitutions, and GP interface.On the other hand secondary care is usually specialist services that require beds, and sometimes expensive equipment. Therefore it is usually based in hospitals. For example, stroke patients may be referred to Occupational Therapist by physicians after hospitalisation. Occupational therapist might then work with them in a rehabilitation centre using specific equipment to regain independence.Emerging serviceWithin recent years, much emphasis has been given to the development and expansion of a variety of out of hospital services for the chronically ill. However, such demonstrations continue to be slow to develop. Among the many issues involved in these attempts are those concerning the roles to be assumed by ho spital or by community based agencies in relation to the provision of community care for those disabled patients who no longer require active hospital in-patient treatment. The study was undertaken in order to define a more appropriate hospital role in relation to the continuing needs for rehabilitation care of a chronically ill and disabled population discharge to the community following extended hospital rehabilitation treatment. It evolved against a background of rather pessimistic clinical impressions and retrospective research probes which emphasised this populations ill fortune to maintain optimum health and social functioning in the community despite the achievement of these level speckle in the hospital. More specifically, concerns centred on this populations high rate of rehospitalisation, its deterioration in social functioning and its chastisement to use or to receive needed health and health related services while in the community.Acute CareOccupational therapy plays an essential role in the acute care hospital and in other medically related facilities from the rehabilitation hospital, to sub acute sites, to extended care facilities, to the facilities of the future.Though there are issues when it comes to acute care, Torrance, (1993) states that with increasing technology and quicker discharge, the need for therapeutic occupation increases. Occupational therapists are needed to work with patients in problem solving self-care occupations amidst the constraints of the tubes, monitors and fixators to activate patients at risk because of the deleterious effects of bed rest to help patients and caregivers plan realistically from what the patients will do and for how the patients will live and care for themselves after discharge but onward healing and to assess patients quality of life before and after hospitalisation.Nelson (199720) gives an exampleFor an example of the importance of therapeutic occupation in an acute care setting, consider a 5 mont h old missy born with neuromuscular disease of unknown etiology. The disease is characterised by the total absence of many of the proximal muscles, including those responsible for respiration. Picture her with multiple intubations for respiration and comestible and with life-support monitors. The occupational therapist carefully removes her from the crib and bounces her gently while talking to her in high-pitched, rhythmical tones. In response to this occupational form, the infants adaptions are to learn to use the muscles controlling her vocal cords as she imitates the therapist to learn to use the remaining muscles in her left arm as she grabs the therapists keys and most of all to begin to learn that she too has a legitimate place in the human family. The therapist next places a piece of cloth playfully over the childs face, as in our prior example of the importance of peek-a-boo in healthy development. Like a health baby, this baby too removes the cloth and laughs. Despite the high technology setting, this baby also needs to encounter the occupational form of peek-a-boo in order to develop a sense of self and a sense of other.Therefore Occupational models of practise are needed for the acute care hospital for patients at all points on the lifer span. Since many health problems require a level of medical treatment and personal care that extends beyond the range of services normally available in the patients home, modern society has developed formal institutions for patients care intended to help meet the more complex health needs of its members. Here, much of an occupational therapist work is carried out. Usually in rehabilitation centres within the hospital.Looking at the hospital in more detail, the work of Cockerham (2007) draws on how it is the major social institution for the delivery of health care in the modern world, and how it offers considerable advantages to both patients and society. From the individuals point of view, the injured or sick pers on has access to centralised medical knowledge and the greatest array of technology within the hospital, and from the standpoint of society, as Renee Fox and Talcott Parsons (1952) argue, that when patients are within the hospital they are protecting their family from many disruptive effects of caring for the ill in the home and operates as a means of guiding the sick and injured into medically supervised institutions where their problems are less disruptive for society as a whole.Many other concepts of Parsons have been criticised, taking his concept of the sick role, it has been argued that Parsons model cannot be applied to chronic illnesses from which patients cannot recover. More significantly, it had been shown that access to the sick role is rather more problematic that Parsons model assumes. It has been suggested that parsons is really talking about a patient role rather then a sick role as there is a distinction between patients subjective experiences of illness and being o bjectively defined by doctors as having a disease.It is true to say Occupational therapy rejects a lot of Talcott Parons sick role ideas, who believes that when an individual is in the sick role he or she is exempt from responsibility for the incapacity, as it is beyond their control, and is also exempt from normal social role obligations. While this is true to say, Lober (1975214) observes that while the patient is in the hospital there is an idea of voluntary cooperation , one to one intimacy, and conditional permissiveness, for example, being temporarily excused from normal social activities on the condition of seeking medical advice and care.Coe (1978) has also argued that acceptance is the most common form of patient adjustment to hospital routine and the most successful for short-stay patients, which most patients seeking Occupational therapy are, as the main aim is to get the patients back into society. chronically Ill and CareAccording to Oliver (1996), as societies modernis e the burden of disease is shifting from acute to chronic long-term illness and disability. While clinical medicine can treat many of these chronic conditions, it cannot cure many of them, and thus more and more people are spending a greater ratio of their lives coping with illness.Occupational therapist deal with many terminally ill patients. According to .. Individuals with terminal illness face a number of problems related to social, emotional, unearthly and their physical well-being. Some individuals have expressed that the feeling of being a burden to family and friends is more distressing than physical pain (Lloyd, 1989). Carey, 1975 looks at how these individuals with terminal illnesses surface the biggest challenges in looking for satisfactory meaning in their new life situation whole facing mortality.Care for these patients has come along way, as in the past the care had primary focus on alleviating only the physical distress of the illness. Kubler-Ross (1997) describes h ow physicians, who are held back by their own views and feeling on death, are often unable to reach out to their dying patients to provide them with care and comfort. Therefore death in the past was almost seen as a failure of medicine. This ideology began to change with the emergence of the hospice in 1967 by De Cicely Saunfers, who founded St. Christophers hospice. Today we can recognise the hospice as a specialised facility for the care of dying patients that supports them in living life fully and comfortably while confronting death (National Hospice Organisation, 1996).The American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) (1998) states the following inn relation to occupational therapy and the hospiceThe AOTA affirms the right of a dying person to have access to a caring community within the health care system and believes in the need for personalised care of the dying individual throughout the course of a terminal illness. Occupational Therapy is based on the belief that all ind ividuals engage in occupations Occupational therapy practitioners are uncomparablely qualified to help the dying person continue to engage in meaningful daily occupations within the hospice community of care. (p.872)When a patient who has a terminal illness continues to lose their ability to care for themselves and carryout usual daily activities, fostering the patients independence in self-care, work, and leisure usually becomes a top precedence of intervention (Holland Tigges, 1981 Tigges, 1983 Tigges Marcil, 1988). Tigges (1983) explains a framework that looks at the human need of mastery-productive use of tie, energy, interest, and attention, this is also known as the occupational role of performance paradigm (9.163).Although some individuals with terminal illnesses are able to maintain many of their usual roles, its not always true for others. According to Gammage, McMahon, and Shanahan (1976), occupational therapist have a unique role in assisting patients to accept their new role as an individual with an illness and relinquish old occupational roles. Not only do occupational therapists focus on roles los

The Role of Women in Tibetan Buddhism Essay -- Inferior Religion Paper

The Role of Women in Tibetan Buddhism In Tantric Buddhism, we ar relations with a misogynist, destructive, masculine philosophy and religion which is hostile to lifetime i.e. the precise opposite of that for which it is trustingly and magnanimously welcomed in the figure of the Dalai Lama.1 Within Tibetan Buddhism, there is an inherent contradiction regarding the status of women. Although in many aspects women are seen and treated as inferior to men, several of the ancient and fundamental values of Tibetan Buddhism, and to a greater extent specifically Tantric Buddhism, emphasize equality of the sexes, universal compassion, and to the highest degree importantly the significant and essential role of the woman. Tibetan Buddhistic nuns have been trying to meliorate this contradiction for years to remove the inferior and degrading emboss that defines them and to be seen as equal to men. Beginning with the emergence of Tibetan Buddhism from India until today, the s tatus of women, both physically and symbolically has declined due to the paternal system adopted by Tibet. The mystery of Tantric Buddhism consists in the sacrifice of the feminine principle and the manipulation of erotic admire in order to attain universal androcentric power.2 In their patriarchal society, the symbol of the woman is used by men now as an instrument manipulated by men in order to acquire control and power. many an(prenominal) of the influences of Tibetan Buddhism came from India thousands of years ago. There were four phases leading up to the Tantric practice that is cognise today. 560 B.C.E. to 480 B.C.E. marked the first stage, the life of Siddharta Gautama, who Tibetans believe to be the master Buddha. The legend of the Buddha is that he was conceived in ... ...part I, section 2.10 Trimondi, achiever and Victoria, The Shadow of the Dalai Lama, part I, section 2.11 Trimondi, Victor and Victoria, The Shadow of the Dalai Lama, part I, sectio n 2.12 Campbell, June, traveler in Space, p.47.13 Allione, Tsultrim, Women of Wisdom, p.41.14 Campbell, June, Traveller in Space, p.128.15 Campbell, June, Traveller in Space, p.157.16 Campbell, June, Traveller in Space, p.149.17 Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.48.18 Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.131.19 Aham, Arya, Encounter With a Bodhisattva, p.3.20 Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.142.21 Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.184.22 Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.135.23 Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.185.24 Allione, Tsultrim, Women of Wisdom, p.2. The Role of Women in Tibetan Buddhism Essay -- low Religion PaperThe Role of Women in Tibetan Buddhism In Tantric Buddhism, we are dealing with a misogynist, destructive, masculine philosophy and religion which is hostile to life i.e. the precise opposite of that for which it is trustingly and magnanimously welcomed in the figure of the Dalai Lama.1 Wit hin Tibetan Buddhism, there is an inherent contradiction regarding the status of women. Although in many aspects women are seen and treated as inferior to men, several of the ancient and fundamental values of Tibetan Buddhism, and more specifically Tantric Buddhism, emphasize equality of the sexes, universal compassion, and most importantly the significant and essential role of the woman. Tibetan Buddhist nuns have been trying to correct this contradiction for years to remove the inferior and degrading stereotype that defines them and to be seen as equal to men. Beginning with the emergence of Tibetan Buddhism from India until today, the status of women, both physically and symbolically has declined due to the patriarchal system adopted by Tibet. The mystery of Tantric Buddhism consists in the sacrifice of the feminine principle and the manipulation of erotic love in order to attain universal androcentric power.2 In their patriarchal society, the symbol of the woman is used by men now as an instrument manipulated by men in order to acquire control and power. Many of the influences of Tibetan Buddhism came from India thousands of years ago. There were four phases leading up to the Tantric practice that is known today. 560 B.C.E. to 480 B.C.E. marked the first stage, the life of Siddharta Gautama, who Tibetans believe to be the original Buddha. The legend of the Buddha is that he was conceived in ... ...part I, section 2.10 Trimondi, Victor and Victoria, The Shadow of the Dalai Lama, part I, section 2.11 Trimondi, Victor and Victoria, The Shadow of the Dalai Lama, part I, section 2.12 Campbell, June, Traveller in Space, p.47.13 Allione, Tsultrim, Women of Wisdom, p.41.14 Campbell, June, Traveller in Space, p.128.15 Campbell, June, Traveller in Space, p.157.16 Campbell, June, Traveller in Space, p.149.17 Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.48.18 Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.131.19 Aham, Arya, Encounter With a Bodhisattva, p.3.20 Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.142.21 Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.184.22 Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.135.23 Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.185.24 Allione, Tsultrim, Women of Wisdom, p.2.

Achieving Humor in Educating Rita by Willy Russell Essay -- Educating

Achieving Humor in Educating Rita by Willy RussellWritten by Willy Russell in 1985, Educating Rita is a comical recital of his own life as a young Liverpudlian hairdresser andhis aspirations to become educated. The play is based on Rita, thehairdresser who wants a better life, and begins this impale byenrolling in an Open University course. It is here she meets hertutor, Frank. You could say, the key to her dreams. If I were todirect this play, I would seek to achieve humour for an audience byexploring the different views of drollery comedy of character, comedyof situation, comedy of misunderstanding and comedy of language.There are many examples of comedy of character in this play,especially as Russell has created such vigorous and impressionablecharacters. Rita, the quick tongued, outspoken, witty character is afoundation for humour as she isnt afraid to speak her mind.An excellent example of her humorous character is Ritas eldest meetingwith Frank, her soon-to-be tutor. As sh e enters his office, shenotices a risqui picture on the wall and is unable to resistcommenting on how Its very erotic. and defending her opinion bysaying theres no suppose about it, and using the imperative, Lookat those tits. The audience should find this humorous as it is asthey would be shocked at her sudden enlargement to an authority figurein the play. However, in order to achieve maximum humour for theaudience, I would emphasize Ritas Liverpudlian accent and Rita wouldspeak naturally to show her openness and her self-confidence. Franks reception to Ritas outburst is also vital if humour is to be achieved.Frank is rather unsettled by Ritas confidence and to show this, hisreaction should be delayed and bewildered to show his inability to keepup with Ritas quick tongue. It is imperative that this scene givesthe audience the impression that this play is humorous, as it is thefirst time the audience meets the characters.Franks view towards Rita is another good example of comedy ofcharacter. As a tutor in an university, the audience would expectFrank to be very formal, however, he isnt in this situation. Frankreveals his comic personality to the audience as he discusses a windowin his office to Rita. He tells her that he sometimes get an instigate tothrow something through it usually a stu... ...tesdramatically. Sod them - no, fuck them This shows how similar Frankand Rita can be no matter how well educated of senior high school class Frank is. Inorder to maximise humour, Frank would be excessive and over the top toshow the effect of alcohol on Frank. comedy of situation is used throughout the play and is used withdifferent aspects of comedy, such as when Rita first entered Franksoffice at the beginning of the play and Ritas use of language. It is catchy to have comedy of situation on its own, so I would do whatRussell did, combine it with another aspect for maximum comedy effect.Willy Russell has used every aspect of comedy to their full advantageand has achieved highlighting class differences through comedy. WhenRussell wrote the play, he wrote it to be performed and wrote stagedirections too. Personally, I would not change that because that isthe way he intend it to be, but I would concentrate on bodylanguage, facial expressions and how they talk, e.g. the tone. So, ifI were directing Educating Rita I would seek to achieve humour forthe audience? Simply by exploring the different aspects of comedy thatWilly Russell has used so well.